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Trendy a faktory naděje dožití v České republice
Lukele, Aneta
The thesis deals with trends and factors of life expectancy in the Czech Republic in the period from 2016. The aim of the thesis is to clarify the importance of demographic factors on the evolution of life expectancy, including analysing the spatiotemporal evolution of infant mortality and the structure of mortality, at the national, regional and district levels. The paper also sheds light on the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on life expectancy values. The methods used are demographic analysis, statistical methods (time series analysis, regression and correlation analysis) and prediction of future trends, comparison and synthesis. Although life expectancy at birth has been increasing for a long time, the impact of the covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a decrease in life expectancy values for both sexes in all regions in selected years. The highest life expectancy at birth for both men and women is in the Capital City of Prague (77.1 years for men, 82.4 years for women), while the lowest values are in the Ústí and Karlovy Vary Region (72.7 years for men, 78.8 years for women). The infant mortality rate is also decreasing in almost all regions. The main factors affecting life expectancy are the level of education, economic activity and the related level of financial income, the state of health care, the environment, the political situation in the country, unexpected events, see covid-19 and many others. The prerequisite is a continuing increase in life expectancy at birth and a steady decline in infant mortality. Recommendations are proposed particularly in terms of the deepening ageing of the population with associated declines in fertility, and the relevance of the experience of old age to health.
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The specifics of Argentina in mortality from infectious and parazitic diseases in the context of Latin America
Šorelová, Michaela ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kalibová, Květa (referee)
The specifics of Argentina in mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in the context of Latin America Abstract This work deals with mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in Argentina at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. During this period, there was a high level of mortality from infectious diseases in Argentina, which is not common in countries where an epidemiological transition has already taken place. This thesis tries to theoretically explain the higher level of mortality from infectious diseases by describing the situation of infectious diseases in the Latin American region. It deals with the course of the demographic revolution and the epidemiological transition in the Latin American region, which had a significant impact on changes in mortality and describes the development of the incidence of specific infectious diseases in Argentina. The theoretical part is followed by an analytical explanation of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases using the resulting indicators of mortality tables and decomposition methods used in the work. The main aim of this work was to find out what influenced the high and almost constant level of mortality from infectious diseases in Argentina at the turn of the century. The analysis was also made for selected Latin American...
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The Dynamics of World Population Ageing
Bošková, Mariana ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (referee)
The dynamics of the world population ageing Abstract This thesis aims to evaluate the evolution of population ageing in the world. This subject is a current issue nowadays and will probably be in the future for many countries in the world. The evaluation of the population ageing is analysed through five indicators: old age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, total fertility rate, life expectancy at birth, and median age. Even though attention is mostly paid to the years 1950, 2015 and 2050, the thesis contains the growth index of all the used indicators as well. It shows the development over this hundred-year time horizon. While the population ageing has taken place mostly in economically developed countries in the past, this trend will most likely continue to be most pronounced in the fastest developing countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Asia in the future, with faster dynamics. Key words: demographic ageing, world, old age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, total fertility rate, life expectancy at birth, median age
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What Are the Elements with Strongest Impact on Life Expectancy?: A Study Focused on the United Mexican States During Recent Years
Nedvěd, Vojtěch ; Paulus, Michal (advisor) ; Herman, Dominik (referee)
In this thesis, we focus on the determinants of life expectancy at birth in Mexico's federative entities. The aim is to consider three selected variables determining life expectancy - health care expenditures, unemployment, and school enrolment. We use panel data for up to 21 year period (1994-2014) controlling for already well-examined determinants (vaccination coverage, literacy rate, and infant mortality rate). Fixed e↵ect or random e↵ect estimation is applied according to the hypo- theses. Robustness test is performed using Principal Component Analysis including proxies of the main four groups of variables a↵ecting life expect- ancy - economic, social, health care and environmental. The results suggest a positive e↵ect of health care expenditures on life ex- pectancy at birth. However, a significant e↵ect of unemployment or primary school enrolment is not confirmed. Principal Component Analysis suggests the existence of additional determinant related to health care expenditures a↵ecting life expectancy. This thesis contributes to the debate on discussed variables (healthcare expenditures, unemployment, and primary school enrollment) related to life expectancy. We also extend the limited research on life expectancy in Mexico and Latin America.
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Mortality in countries of Eastern and Southern Europe: trends and patterns
Šplíchal, Matěj ; Rychtaříková, Jitka (advisor) ; Dzúrová, Dagmar (referee)
Mortality in countries of Eastern and Southern Europe: trends and patterns Abstract The purpose of this thesis to is to evaluate any variances and commonality in the trends of mortality rates between southern and eastern Europe for the period beginning at the end of World War II (WWII) to present day. In order that the data used in the analysis of the populations of these two European regions is drawn from broad-based yet controlled demographic parameters, two countries from each region have been targeted. From southern Europe, Italy and Portugal, and from Eastern Europe Hungary and Bulgaria. The thesis will present both the analysis of data that relates to the development of the gross mortality rate together with that of more refined data that calculates the standardised mortality rate. A more in-depth analysis of mortality trends based on mortality tables and decomposition methods will also be presented using indicators of life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and life span, together with methods of decomposition of the difference between two demographic indicators (Kitagawy, R. Pressata, E. Arriagy and V. M. Shkolnikova). The conclusion of the analytical section deals with age variability at death. The hypotheses, set out in the introductory chapter, are evaluated at the end of the paper, based on...
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Comparison of mortality in the Czech Republic and in other countries of the European Union
Tětěruková, Šárka ; Fiala, Tomáš (advisor) ; Miskolczi, Martina (referee)
The theme of the bachelor thesis is comparing the mortality in the Czech Republic to other countries in the European Union between 1960 and 2010. In the introductory part fundamental indicators and calculations related to the mortality are described. An important part of the bachelor thesis is focused on the analysis of infant mortality evolution (without distinction of gender) and life expectancy at birth, at the ages of 25 and 65 (with the distinction of each gender). States are divided into 4 observed groups -- "west", "north", "east" and "south". This division of European states was acquired from United Nations (UN), which uses it for statistical purposes. The main source of data for processing the graphs is the Human Mortality Database, missing data is completed from the Eurostat's database. Finally, a prediction of life expectancy at birth is carried out up to the year 2080, based on the projection of population development from Eurostat's database in 2013. The thesis provides comprehensive information about the dissimilarity of mortality in the defined groups of states.
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The influence of non-health factors on life quality
Beňačka, Adam ; Štěrbová, Ludmila (advisor) ; Mevenkamp, Nils (referee)
The aim of this master thesis is to analyze the influence of non-health factors on quality of life in member countries of the European Union. For the analysis, economic and developmental variables were used. The master thesis begins with analysis of life expectancy in the world due to quality of life directly affecting life expectancy. The next part is devoted to the analysis of the influence of GDP on quality of life and correlation between single dimensions of the Human Development Index. The Health index, Inequality-adjusted income index, Expenditure on public health and GNI per capita PPP were analyzed in order to illustrate their influence and importance in provision of quality of life. Unemployment of the age group 55+ and out-of-pocket spending were analyzed to demonstrate their influence on quality of life and life expectancy. Pension systems and retirement age were analyzed with connection to ageing of the population and fiscal problems arising from decreased fertility. Gender inequality is analyzed, drawing adverse consequences of a more equitable, but not a long-term oriented society. As a result of this master thesis, the conclusion was drawn in form of a Quality of life dilemma diagram. The diagram consists of all the variables analyzed in the master thesis displaying positive, negative and likely positive relationships between variables and quality of life. In the conclusion, the problem of sustainability of public finances, welfare state and competitiveness caused by longevity and low fertility affecting future quality of life in the European countries is summed up. The finding of this thesis is that quality of life is a very complex issue and in order to achieve a sustainable quality of life, all the variables have to be wisely governed. Short-term unbalanced improvements in quality of life will very likely retaliate in terms of deterioration of other variables in the future, pulling quality of life down.
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Private and public expenditure on health (comparison in OECD)
Pásková, Alena ; Maaytová, Alena (advisor) ; Dugová, Alena (referee)
Thesis evaluates the situation in health expenditure of selected countries OECD. It discusses proportion between public and private health expenditure. The first part talks about health services, their identification. It discusses possibilities of financing. The second part is about health services in Czech Republic -- legal framework, financing, health care facilities, public and private expenditure on health. The third part evaluates proportion of health expenditures. There is compared private expenditure on health in selected countries OECD. This part discusses the relation between the life expectancy at birth depending on proportion of private health expenditure.
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Evolution and mutual relations between demographic indicators
Černý, Andrej ; Löster, Tomáš (advisor) ; Langhamrová, Jitka (referee)
This Bachelor's thesis focuses on the analysis and evolution of demographic indicators through world's regions and states. It searches for a relation between demographic indicators and finds connections between economical, political and demographics evolution. The first part of the thesis defines the demographic indicators and shows the evolution from the period 1960-2008. Especially the evolution of the Czech Republic and those states where changes were the greatest in the mentioned period is shown there. The second part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of the economical and medical factors that influence demographic indicators. The purpose is to quantify this influence and measure its intensity. For this purpose regression analysis and analysis of variance is used. The biggest reduction in mortality rate was in Yemen in the mentioned period, on the other hand the biggest increase was noted in Ukraine. The smallest values of the infant mortality rate are detected in Scandinavia which positively influences the life expectancy at birth in these states. Infant mortality rate dropped most in the states of Southern Europe and Egypt while in Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo the improvement was the smallest. The evolution of these indicators dramatically influenced life expectancy at birth in these particular states. The main factors that influence life expectancy at birth include GDP per capita in PPP, the number of physicians, health expenditure, alcohol consumption and immunization.
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